If or Whether

Penggunaan If dan Whether
Banyak diantara kita yang masi binggung kapan kita menggunakan IF dan kapan kita harus menggunakan wheter,nah ditulisan kali ini saya akan sedikit memberikan penjelasan:

1. Kita menggunakan whether dan bukan if sebelum to-infinitive, biasanya digunakan ketika mengacu kepada perencanaan dimasa mendatang, atau menentukan sebuah pilihan:
* I was wondering whether to go for a party
* I don't know whether to buy the black one or the red one

2. Kita menggunakan whether dan bukan if setelah prepositions :
*later I argued with the doctor about whether I had hit my head, since i couldn't remember feeling it.
*later I argued with the doctor about if I had hit my head, since i couldn't remember feeling it.

3. Kita menggunakan whether dan bukan if tepat sebelum "or not"
*can you tell me whether or not you were here last night

4. Kita menggunakan whether dan if setelah verbs of doubting:
*she doesn't know if she can walk. her foot really hurts.


semoga bermanfaat :)

Kata Ganti (Pronoun) serta Soal. (TOEFL Preparation)

Banyak dari kita yang masih bingung mengenai penggunaan kata ganti, mungkin penjelasan saya akan sedikit membantu dalam memahami penggunaan kata ganti dalam bahasa Inggris.

PronOUN (Kata Ganti)

Subject -------> Object ------> Possessive Adjective ------> Possessive Pronouns
I --------------> Me --------------------> My .......................Mine
You ------------>You --------------------> Your .....................Yours
They ----------> Them -------------------> Their ....................Theirs
We ------------> Us ----------------------> Our .......................Ours
She -----------> Her ----------------------> Her ......................Hers
He ------------> Him ----------------------> His .......................His
It ------------> It -----------------------> Its .......................Its
----------------------------------> Harus diikuti Noun........ Tidak boleh diikuti Noun

Example:
1. The girl accidentally sat on her ice cream.
2. There are three cats on the table. They are mine.
3. There are five books on the floor. I own all of them.
4. Anne and Jake are my friends. Their house is behind the school.
5. The wolf harmoniously howls with its children beneath the full moon.

Another, Other and Others
 Another digunakan untuk singular noun, boleh diikuti noun & boleh tidak diikuti noun.
 Other digunakan untuk plural noun. Harus diikuti plural noun. Ketika other bertemu determiner word seperti: any, some, the, one, no, dll, maka gunakan other.
 Others digunakan untuk plural noun. Tidak boleh diikuti noun.

Singular Plural
Another ------> Others
Another Car --> Other Cars

Example:
1. He needs another piece of paper.
2. Some workers went to a restaurant while others stayed.
3. I have five sisters, one work in university, two other sisters work in hospital, and the others work in bookstore.
4. There’s no other place I’d rather visit.
5. Willa Cather is known for My Antonia and other novels of the American frontier.

nah, berhubung penjelasan saya lebih ke pemahaman atau persiapan menuju TOEFL test, berikut ini beberapa soal dan Jawaban untuk melatih kemampuan ^_^

Instruksi: pilih salah satu kata yang salah, dan koreksi dengan jawaban yang menurut anda benar

1. Commercial letters of credit are often used to finance export trade, but them can have other uses.
2. Oysters are today grown and harvested much like any another crop.
3. Polar Bears cannot fly, but it can swim very well.
4. A plant creates his own food from air, sunlight, and water.
5. Other interesting aspect of leadership training in recent years has been newfound use by professional teams.
6. The cakes on the plate are my.
7. One of the books was a novel; the another was a collection of essays.
8. The bird plays with their children during the spring.
9. An understudy is an actor who can substitute for other actor in case of an emergency.
10. There are another matters I’d like to discuss with you.
11. Ethics are the study of moral duties, principles, and values.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1. them -----> they
2. another -----> other
3. it -----> they
4. his -----> its
5. other -----> another
6. my -----> mine
7. another -----> other
8. their -----> its
9. other -----> another
10. another -----> other
11. are -----> is

Noun, To Infinitive, Preposition, Helping Verb, dan Soal

well last time we have talk a lot about noun. well today we will still talk about Noun, But Noun in unique form. do you know that Verb also could change to be a noun? how? i'll tell u about it.

A. Gerund & To Infinitive

1. Gerund (Verb + -Ing)
salah satu fungsi gerund adalah mengubah kata kerja (verb) menjadi kata benda (noun). Gerund digunakan setelah preposisi. V-ing disebut sebagai gerund apabila tidak didahului oleh helping verb (to be).
Contoh:
1. Watching is fun.
2. I am interested in cooking.
3. I am good at running. Etc
4. The most widely used material for packaging consumer goods is cardboard

2. Infinitive (To + Verb)
To infinitive terdiri dari kata to dan bentuk dasar dari verb: to go, to be, to give, to build, etc. To infinitive juga sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan tujuan (mengapa suatu aksi terjadi. E.g: He took lesson to learn how to dance. Why did he take lesson? To learn how to dance). To infinitive juga bisa digunakan setelah Nouns, biasanya digunakan setelah noun phrase yang memuat kata-kata: first, last, only, etc.
contoh:
a. To Invinitive sebagai subject>> to help others is rewarding.
b. To Invinitive sebagai object dari sebuah verb >> he attempted to swim across the river.
c. To Invinitive setelah Adjective >> It's important to change the oil in your car frequently.
d. To infinitive juga biasa muncul setelah nouns tertentu, seperti first, last, only, and other ranking words. e.g >> the first person to walk on the moon was Neil Amstrong.
e. to have her own wings is her dream.
f. Sports parachutes are relatively easy to control.

Remember!
Setelah Preposisi hanya bisa menggunakan Gerund, no to infinitive.

Cara mudah mengenali Noun dapat dilihat pada akhiran kata:
Benda
-ism --------> Socialism
-ness --------> happiness
-er --------> explorer

-ment --------> Experiment
-age --------> marriage
-or --------> sailor

-ence --------> independence
-tion --------> information
-ist --------> archaeologist

-ty --------> beauty
-ship --------> scholarship
-ian --------> magician

-hood --------> childhood
cracy --------> democracy
-ee --------> employee

-dom --------> wisdom
-logy --------> biology
-ent --------> student
NB: Tidak semua kata benda memiliki akhiran seperti diatas.

dari tadi saya menyebut2 mengenai helping verb dan preposisi, apabila anda kurang mengerti, berikut ini penjelasannya.

A. Preposisi
Prepositions are words or phrases that clarify relationships. Prepositions are usually followed by nouns and pronouns. Sometimes the nouns are -ing form nouns. setelah preposisi harus menggunakan Noun, jika setelah preposisi dijumpai Verb, maka harus tambahkan -ing. preposisi diantaranya:
By, of, to, as, at, for, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, despite, down, during, except, from, inside, in, into, like, near, off, on, onto, outside, over, past, since, trough, throughout, toward, under, underneath, unlike, until, upon, up, versus, with, within, without. Capable (prepotional idiom)By, of, to, as, at, for, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, despite, down, during, except, from, inside, in, into, like, near, off, on, onto, outside, over, past, since, trough, throughout, toward, under, underneath, unlike, until, upon, up, versus, with, within, without. Capable (prepotional idiom)

B. Helping Verb.
yang dimaksud dengan helping verb adalah to be yang digunakan sebagai verb dalam kalimat karena tidak adanya verb. karena basic dalam kalimat dalam bahasa inggris adalah S+V apabila dalam sebuah kalimat tidak terdapat sabjek, atau verb, maka dapat dipastikan kalimat itu salah.
contoh:
I am Beautiful
S..Verb.
Yang termasuk Helping Verb>> Am, is, are. Was, were. Has, have, had. Be, dan been.

Remember!
 Preposition + Noun --------> Underneath the sky
 Preposition + Verb-ing --------> in producing
 Noun + Of --------> Lord of the ring
 Noun digunakan sebelum of, setelah artikel, adjektif, dan preposisi. (a. Article + Noun, b. Adjective + Noun, c.Preposition + Noun)

penjelasan saya mengenai Noun dari awal hingga akhir, sebenarnya lebih ke trik2 mudah dalam menghadapi soal TOEFL. nah sekarang coba selesaikan soal dibawah ini, soalnya terdiri dari pembahasan awal mengenai Noun hingga yang baru kita pelajari ^_^


Instruksi: pilih salah satu kata yang salah, dan koreksi dengan jawaban yang menurut anda benar

1. The sale of pet turtle was banned because of the disease risk they posed to young children.
2. Several of Washington Irving’s story have become classics in American literature.
3. As childs grow older, their bones become thicker and longer.
4. Some encyclopedias deal with specific fields, such as music or philosophy, and provide informations.
5. Agatha Christie’s detectives stories are admired both by critics and general readers.
6. The U.S. president serves a maximum of two 4-years terms.
7. Power tools require careful handling avoids injuries.
8. Proper development the eggs of most birds must be kept warm.
9. The ear is the organ of hearing, but it also plays a role in to maintain balance.
10. A crescent wrench has adjustable jaws for gripped a nut, bolt, or pipe.
11. Energy can be defined as the ability do working.
12. One of the most beautiful state capital is the Utah State Capital, located in Salt Lake City.
13. Each of the contestant won a prize.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Kunci Jawaban:
1. Turtle seharusnya Turtles.
2. story seharusnya stories.
3. Childs seharusnya Children.
4. Informations seharusnya information.
5. detectives seharusnya detective
6. 4-years seharusnya 4-year
7. avoids seharusnya to avoid
8. proper development seharusnya to develop properly
9. to maintain seharusnya maintaining
10. Gripped seharusnya gripping
11. do working seharusnya to do work
12. Capital seharusnya Capitals
13. Contestant seharusnya Contestants.

semoga bermanfaat ^_^

Noun (Kata Benda) TOEFL

sebelumnya kita sudah membahas mengenai apa2 saja yang termasuk ke dalam Noun, Jenis2 Noun dan Jenis2 Artikel yang digunakan untuk Noun. lihat http://www.hanimumankz.blogspot.co.id/2015/11/cara-memahami-pambagian-noun-kata-benda.html . hari ini saya akan menjelaaskan mengenai Quantifier dan hal2 kecil mengenai Noun, akan tetapi kerap muncul dalam soal2 TOEFL.

#Quantifier
Quantifier atau kuantitas digunakan untuk menunjukkan kuantitas Noun. dan dan penggunanaan quantifier untuk countable noun berbeda dengan uncountable noun.

1. Countable Noun.
a. Singular -----> a, an, one, single, each, every, another, this, that, the number of.
b. plural -----> a few, fewer, several, various, both, numerous, many, two, tree, dst, dozen of, of, each of, one of, every one of, a number of, etc.

mengapa one of, dan each of menjadi plural? karena.... arti dari one of, dst adalah satu dari. contoh:
* Each CASE is..... setiap kasus adalah......
* Each of CASES is..... tiap-tiap kasus adalah.... kenapa memakai is?? karena is kembali ke EACH, bukan ke Cases.
*This flower is a red rose.
*This flowers are yellow roses.

2. Uncountable Noun -----> A little/little, less, an amount of, much.

3. Countable & Uncountable Noun -----> all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, none of, some, any, more, most, enough, quantity.

contoh:
* I don’t have much money.
* The religion attempts to clarify man’s relationship with superhuman power.
* The legal system has many safeguards to protect the right of a defendant to an impartial jury.



 Penambahan S/ES hanya untuk countable & concrete noun
 Books .....  Nails .....  Bags  Roses ...  Trees
 Winds (x)  advices (x)  Fellings (x)...  Informations (x) ... Powers (x)

 Noun yang menjelaskan tidak boleh ditambahkan s/es.
 Travel Agent  Professional Agent
.. N N ............ Adjective N

 Travel Agents ....  Travels Agents (x)
...N N ......... N N


 Classes Rooms (x)
N N Etcetera :D

REMEMBER! jika ada pasangan kata, maka penambahan s/es selalu dibelakang, contoh: Class Rooms

 Jika sudah ada keterangan mengenai jumlah Noun, maka tidak perlu ada penambahan s/es
* Seven Thousand * Thousands
* Five million dollars * Millions of dollars

 Ketika digunakan sebelum Noun, a number + measurement is singular (angka + -)
 A 500 – page book ..........  6 – mile walk
 A 500 – pages book (x) ..  6 miles
 Many 500 – page books .........  I’ve a 5 – year – old sister

 Jika kata benda (Noun) tidak menggunakan s/es (Jamak), maka kata kerja (Verb) harus menggunakan s/es (Jamak).
E.g : a child grows --------> Children grow

saya rasa cukup disini dulu..... semoga ilmunya bermanfaat... see ya ^_^

Cara memahami pambagian Noun (Kata Benda) dengan Mudah

Hello again.... today i'd like to share what i know about Noun... hohoh... sok english :D

A. Hal-hal yang termasuk dalam katagori Noun di antaranya:
Noun terbagi menjadi 2 klasifikasi

1. Manusia
yang dimaksud dengan manusia disini adalah segala hal yang berkaitan dengan manusia, seperti nama, pekerjaan, atau segala hal yang berkaitan dengan manusia.
contoh: Rachel, Anne, archaeologist, writer, etc

2. Benda
Benda dalam hal ini terbagi atas dua (2) yaitu :
a. kongkrit
yang dimaksud dengan benda yang kongkrit adalah benda yang nyata, yang dapat di indrai, sebagai contoh: House, book, glasses, cat, Jakarta, Bali, etc
b. Abstrak
yang dimaksud dengan benda abstrak adalah yang tidak dapat disentuh, atau bentuknya abstrak, seperti : Information, power, beauty, gas, wind, etc

B. Pembagian Noun
Noun dapat dibagi atas 2 yaitu:

1. Countable Noun (Kata benda yang dapat dihitung)
pada countable noun yang Singular biasanya ditandai dengan adanya artikel (a, an, dan The)
a = digunakan untuk Noun yang menggunakan huruf konsonan diawal kata, seperti "A Ball"
an = digunakan untuk Noun yang menggunakan huruf Vokal di awal kata, seperti "An Apple".

sedangkan untuk countable noun Plural biasanya menggunakan tambahan "S/Es. seperti Apples (yang arinya banyak apel) jadi jangan menggunakan apple apple ya :D

contoh dalam kalimat:
i can see a cat.
there are cats on the table.
the cat on the table is so cute......

Nah dalam bahasa inggris ada juga Irregular Naoun, dimana ketika Plural tidak ditambahkan s/es, namun -en, -es, -i, -a, atau bahkan tidak berubah. contoh:

C. Common Irregular Plural Nouns
Singular Noun Plural Noun

1.Penambahan –en
e.g : Child, Ox -------> Children, Oxen

2. Perubahan Huruf Vokal
e.g: Man, woman, foot, goose, tooth, mouse -------> Men, women, feet, geese, teeth, mice

3. -is -es
e.g: hypothesis, analysis, diagnosis, synthesis ----> Hypotheses, analyses, diagnoses, syntheses.

4. -us -i
e.g: syllabus, alumnus, fungus, stimulus, etc. -------> Syllabi, alumni, fungi, stimuli, etc

5. -a
e.g: datum, bacterium, phenomenon, curriculum, criterion, etc. ------->Data, bacteria, phenomena, curricula, criteria, dll.

6.Tak ada perubahan
Fish, salmon, trout, deer, sheep -------> Fish, salmon, trout, deer, sheep

2. Uncountable Noun (Noun yang tidak bisa dihitung)
pada Uncountable Noun, artikel yang biasa digunakan adalah artikel "The" atau tanpa artikel sama sekali. contoh: Gone with the wind.

berikut ini beberapa pembagian Uncountable Noun:

a. Abstrak -------> Information, sunshine, importance, beauty, peace, etc.
b. Hal dapat berubah bentuk -------> Gold, Iron, diamond, wood, grass, oil, water, smoke, etc.
c. Sekelompok barang -------> Furniture, equipment, food, jewelry, research, etc.
d. Benda yang sangat kecil dan dalam jumlah yang banyak -----> Sand, seed, rice, sugar, salt, etc
e. Bahasa -------> English, Arabic, Indonesian, Japanese, etc.
f. Bidang studi -------> History, Archaeology, Economy, Philosophy, etc.
g. Makanan pokok tertentu -------> Butter, bread, meat, rice, etc.
h. Aktifitas -------> Walking, writing, swimming, drinking, driving, etc.
i. Olahraga -------> Badminton, basketball, football, golf, tennis, etc.
j. Yang berkaitan dengan cuaca -------> Snow, rain, wind, thunder, bolt, etc.

nah, saya rasa cukup disini dulu, selanjutnya akan saya sambung lagi nanti.... got to go... see ya... n' i've got some picture to help ya understand :)


kalau ada yang tidak mengerti u're welcome to ask me anything about this topic.
NB: Pembahasan Nounnya masi belum habis :D

kelanjutannya baca di http://www.hanimumankz.blogspot.co.id/2015/11/noun-kata-benda-toefl_27.html

How to learn English with Fun

1. Read Comic or Novel
are you a nerd? well if you love reading this is gonna be a good way for you to learn. if before you read books in your mother language start to buying books which using English, and if u hate long story books u could start reading comic, well this way really help me to understand more, as comic has picture which could explain more when u didn't get what they are talking about, lol...

2. Play Game
many people said that game only make u fool, but not for me, i start playing game since my childhood, i got a lot of new vocab from game, such as zelda, etc. u know... adventure game like RPG, etc. it really will help u.

3. Listen to Music
if before u only listen music in ur native language, now start to listen songs in English. my mom n' dad love western music, so i knew tons of old music, and this is how i start to learn English, since i wonder what the musicians say in their music i start to open the dictionary n' enrich my vocab.

4. Watch movie
i guess all of us love movie, but if u wanna learn English u've to watch movie which made by american, British, etc, whoever using English in their movie. at first u can start from watching it with subtitles but then watch it again without it, trust me it works. (but i wonder why my English still this bad. lol :D)

5. make friends with foreigner
maybe we will feel afraid or shy to talk with foreign but don't be afraid, if u wanna increase ur ability u've to practice it n' cross ur own line. just be positive n' said to ur self that u could do it.

6. talk in English with people around you...
you know, if u wanna learn a new language u have to keep practicing 24/7 if u can, so don't be shy n' force ur friend to talk in English with you, or if u can't find any partner u could start to make an English club in ur hometown so u could keep practicing with them. anyway if u live in Banda Aceh n' u want to learn English free u could contact me, just put ur comment here.

so that's all from me, i hope what i said could help u. n' i'm sorry for my bad English as i still learning n' English not my mother language. but, since i realize in this global world we need to could speak English so i try to increase my ability :D

The System of Government in Aceh Darussalam Kingdom

Well... actually i still learning how to write in English, but the condition force me to... well, whatever, let's start to talk about the topic :)

In the 16th-19th century, Aceh was known to have a complex government system which divided into Gampong, Mukim, Nanggroe, Sagoe and the central government.

The first one was called as Gampong. This state is the smallest system ruled by three pillars known as "pageu gampong", including keuchik (the chief of gampong), Teungku Meunasah (the religion adviser of gampong) and ureung Tuha/Tuha peut (the elder of the gampong).

The second one was called as Mukim. It consisted of several gampong ruled by Imeum Mukim. The imeum mukim responsibility was to coordinate the chiefs of Gampong in his area.

The third one was called as Nanggroe. It consisted of several mukim ruled by ulee balang. the ulee balang could ruled his state as he wish, yet he still had several responsibilities to the central state, such as following the instruction of the sulthan (king), levy troops and supplies, etc.

The fourth one was called as Sagoe. It comprised several Nanggroe and ruled by Panglima Sagoe and his right hand person was known as Qadhi Sagoe.

the last one was the central government which is known as the kingdom, ruled by the king titled as Sulthan Imam Malikul Adil and helped by his Qadhi (Islamic adviser) known as Qadhi Malikul Adil.

So, in the kingdom era, Aceh was known to use federal system where every state has their own authority and responsibility in ruling their own state.